Hui Xiang Reader Response Summary Draft 4

Jones’s (2022) article “Spray-on, Rinse-Off Food ‘wrapper’ Can Cut Plastic Packaging” informs the public about the newly developed food coating that has the potential to reduce food wastage and prevent foodborne illness without the use of plastic. This new coating is nontoxic, biodegradable and has antimicrobial properties. Pullulan, which is its primary ingredient, is an edible fiber that is "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration(Kraśniewska, Pobiega, & Gniewosz, 2019).  Furthermore, the coating contains nisin, a bacterially created compound, as well as the naturally occurring antimicrobials citric acid, and thyme oil. All of these substances are considered to be safe for eating if given the appropriate amount. It is simple and effective to use and remove. The coating can be applied by spraying it on the food and can be removed by rinsing it under water . Jones (2022) also explained that the purpose of the wrapping is to protect edible items from bacteria and other microorganisms, which may not only lead to spoilage, a major factor in food being thrown away, but also cause illnesses. Food packaging is one of the greatest contributors to plastic pollution. Plastics harms the environment as they are non-biodegradable, and if left untouched, will remain.  The use of plastic as a material for packaging should be reduced and replaced by the new microbial coating as it is biodegradable and safe.

One reason as to why the new coating should replace plastic wrappers as it contains the ingredient, pullulan, which is a popular biopolymer used for biodegradable food packaging. Pullulan is flexible, soluble, has great biocompatibility and biodegradability (Singh et al., 2008). According to a study by Kimoto et al. (1997), it had no records of negative effects when consumed (Kimoto et al., 1997). Pullulan has since seen much diversity in its usage in recent years ranging from biomedical applications to antibacterial applications (Ganie et al., 2020). However, plastics instead have always been the all-time favourite for food packaging. It is reported by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development that the world is set to triple its plastic waste produced by the year 2060 (OECD, n.d.). The reason as to why the usage of plastics is so damaging to the environment is mainly due to two reasons. The way it is produced and its non-biodegradable properties. From their production to their disposal, plastics bring harm to the environment at every stage. Firstly, plastic is produced with the use of fossil fuels, which produces very toxic fumes at the cost of the limited supply of fossil fuels (Covey, 2019). Next, due to its construction of polymers , it is difficult for enzymes to break the plastics down, taking hundreds of years to start breaking down (Wahid, 2022). To accelerate this process, plastic is being subjected to combustion instead for disposal, and once again, this process produces very toxic and harmful gasses (Wahid, 2022).

Another advantage to the use of the new microbial coating is that it provides great protection against harmful substances. All food is subjectable to food spoilage. Microorganisms and fungi are the main culprits that contribute to contamination which leads to food spoilage (Nasery et al., 2016). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), “almost 1 in 10 people in the world” who eat contaminated food, fall ill, and cause an estimated 420,000 deaths worldwide annually (2022). The new microbial coating contains natural antimicrobial agents such as citric acid, thyme oil and a bacterially derived compound, nisin. This cocktail displayed the greatest antimicrobial activity against the two common bacteria that cause foodborne illness, Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua (Aytac et al., 2020). This coating is assessed to lengthen the shelf life of the food under ambient conditions for up to 7 days (Chang et al., 2022).

The new food coating is still not all perfect because there is concern that there might be ecotoxicological effects during release to the aquatic environment (Rosenberg et al., 2019).  It is common knowledge that plastics have a negative impact on the environment. However, the world still adopts plastic packaging as its favorite. Plastics provide many advantages namely its durability, longevity, and versatility (Schoo, 2017). Plastic is light and can be reused multiple times. Microbial coatings are still relatively new and being researched hence the possible negative and harmful effects of the coatings are not fully explored yet. 

At the end of the day, the microbial coating is just one of the many alternatives being researched and introduced. It may not be possible to replace all the wrappers with the new coating, but whatever step taken to reduce plastic waste is a step forward to a more sustainable, greener future.

 

References*[BFB1] 

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Chang, H., Xu, J., Macqueen, L. A., Aytac, Z., Peters, M. M., Zimmerman, J. F., Xu, T., Demokritou, P., & Parker, K. K. (2022). High-throughput coating with biodegradable antimicrobial pullulan fibres extends shelf life and reduces weight loss in an avocado model. Nature Food, 3(6), 428–436. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-022-00523-w

Covey, J. (2019, December 27). Plastics depend on fossil fuels. FossilFuel.com. https://fossilfuel.com/plastics-depend-on-fossil-fuels/

Ganie, S. A., Mir, T. A., Ali, A., & Li Qing. (2020). Pullulan: Properties and Applications. Pullulan, 89–132. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003056942-5

Kraśniewska, K., Pobiega, K., & Gniewosz, M. (2019). Pullulan – biopolymer with potential for use as food packaging. International Journal of Food Engineering, 15(9). doi:10.1515/ijfe-2019-0030

 

Kimoto, T., Shibuya, T., & Shiobara, S. (1997). Safety Studies of a novel starch, Pullulan: Chronic toxicity in rats and bacterial mutagenicity. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 35(3-4), 323–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-6915(97)00001-x

 

Nasery, M., Hassanzadeh, M. K., Najaran, Z. T., & Emami, S. A. (2016). Rose (rosa×damascena mill.) essential oils. Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety, 659–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-416641-7.00075-4

 

OECD. (n.d.). Global plastic waste set to almost triple by 2060, says OECD. https://www.oecd.org/environment/global-plastic-waste-set-to-almost-triple-by-2060.htm

 

Rosenberg, M., Ilić, K., Juganson, K., Ivask, A., Ahonen, M., Vinković Vrček, I., & Kahru, A. (2019, February 11). Potential ecotoxicological effects of antimicrobial surface coatings: A literature survey backed up by analysis of market reports. National Library of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6375256/ 

 

Schoo, R. (2017, February 17). Why do we need plastic packaging? British Plastics Federation. https://www.bpf.co.uk/packaging/why-do-we-need-plastic-packaging.aspx

Singh, R. S., Saini, G. K., & Kennedy, J. F. (2008). Pullulan: Microbial sources, production and applications. Carbohydrate Polymers, 73(4), 515–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.01.003

Verma, R., Vinoda, K. S., Papireddy, M., & Gowda, A. N. S. (2016). Toxic pollutants from plastic waste- A Review. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 35, 701–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.07.069

Wahid. (2022, September 26). Harmful effects of Non-Biodegradable plastic products. Ecomaniac.org https://ecomaniac.org/non-biodegradable-plastic-products/

World Health Organization. (2022, May 19). Food safety. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/food-safety